Present participle এবং gerund অনেক confusion বা বিভ্রান্তি তৈরি করে। উভয়ের চেহারা পুরোপুরি একই রকম (twin baby-র মত) হওয়াতে এই সমস্যাটি হয়। তারা দেখতে একই রকম হলেও তাদের কাজ কিন্তু সম্পূর্ণ আলাদা। gerund যা করে present participle তা করে না আবার present participle যা করে তা gerund করে না।
Present participle এবং gerund এর চেহারা কেমন হয়?
verb এর সাথে suffix হিসেবে ing যোগ করলে যা হয় তা ই হল present participle এবং gerund অর্থাৎ তাদের উভয়েরই উতপত্তি হচ্ছে verb থেকে। Example: running, swimming, walking, doing, going, etc.
Gerund:
gerund সবসময় noun হিসেবে বসে। যে জায়গাগুলোতে noun বসে, gerund ও সেই একই জায়গাতে বসে। আসুন এক পলকে দেখে নেই gerund কোথায় এবং কিভাবে বসে।
1. gerund as the subject of a sentence (কোন sentence এর subject হিসেবে)-
Examples:
- Camping is fun in summer.
- Hiking can be a relaxing and rewarding activity.
- Driving too fast is dangerous.
- Walking is good for you.
- Your knitting is beautiful.
2. gerund as the object of a verb (কোন verb এর object হিসেবে)-
Examples:
- I like cooking.
- He enjoys walking.
- They hate milking cows.
- I can imagine drifting away in a balloon.
- Jill suggested going for a drink.
3. gerund as the subject complement-
(Note: subject complement এর কাজ হলো verb-এর পরে বসে subjectএর সম্পর্কে extra তথ্য দিয়েsentence এর অর্থকে পরিপূর্ণ করা।)
Examples:
- My hobby is swimming.
- What I really like is travelling to other countries.
4. gerund after prepositions-
Examples:
- We were tired of walking.
- He rushed out of the room without saying a word.
- Could you give up smoking?
- Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
- She is good at painting.
- I was the fastest at climbing the rope.
- He learns music by listening to the chords.
5. gerund in compound nouns-
Examples:
- I took her to her driving lessons.
- We are going to the swimming pool.
- My uncle does a lot of bird-watching.
- I found this pie by dumpster-diving.
- We had no drinking water left.
Present Participle:
present participle নিচের কাজগুলো (functions) করে থাকে:
1. present participles as part of the continuous form of a verb-
দুনিয়াতে যত ধরনের continuous tense আছে তার সবগুলোতেই present participle ব্যবহৃত হয়। tense নির্ধারণের জন্য helping verb বসে এবং present participle সবসময় একই রকম থাকে অর্থাৎ সে তার চেহারা বদলায় না।
Examples:
- Munni is painting.
- Nadira was waiting.
- Muntaha will be coming.
- They would be staying.
- She would have been leaving.
- I wasn’t listening.
- What have you been doing?
- You must be joking.
- I happened to be passing your house.
2. present participles as adjectives-
Examples:
- Did you read that amazing book?
- This movie is so exciting!
- The survey revealed some worrying results.
- The results of the survey seemed worrying.
- The rising sun looks splendid.
- The children gazed at the laughing clown.
3. present participle after verbs of movement & position-
(Note: যে verb দ্বারা কোন কিছুর movement কে বোঝানো হয় সেগুলোকে verbs of movement বলা হয়। আবার যে verb দ্বারা কোন কিছুর position কে বোঝানো হয় সেগুলোকে verbs of position বলা হয়। verbs of movement & position এর পরে present participle বসে। সাধারণত go এর বেলায় এটি বেশি ব্যবহৃত হয়।)
Examples:
- My uncle went shopping.
- They go running every morning.
- Jason lay looking up at the clouds.
- Samira came running towards me.
4. present participles after verbs of perception (verbs of perception+ object এর পরে Present participle ব্যবহৃত হয়)-
Examples:
- We saw him swimming across the pond.
- I watched her painting Sarah’s portrait.
- I couldn’t hear her singing because of the noise.
- I would like to see you knitting sometime.
5. present participle introducing a present participle clause-
- The man driving the car was not injured. (The man who was driving the car was not injured.)
- Tom lost his keys (while) walking through the park.
- Opening the envelope, I found two concert tickets.
- Having nothing left to do, Paula went home.
No comments:
Post a Comment